Grand corruption
Perceptions of high-level abuse of public office.
How citizens perceive the integrity of senior officials, the political class, and the public sector at large - drawn from harmonized perception questions in Afrobarometer, Latinobarometro, the Global Corruption Barometer, the European Quality of Government Index, and dozens of national surveys. Reported on a 0-100 scale where 100 is least corrupt.
Methodology details Petty corruption
Lived experience of bribery in everyday public services.
Whether households actually paid bribes to access health, education, police, permits, or utility services in the past year - measured from direct experience questions in the same source surveys, harmonized across instruments and country contexts. Reported on the same 0-100 scale, separately from grand corruption.
Methodology details